Steppe Eagle

The Steppe Eagle prefers to inhabit open steppes and semi-deserts. Unlike other eagles, it typically nests close to or on the ground. Site selection is flexible, ranging from directly on the ground, atop rocks, among low-growing shrubs, and even on electric poles and artificial structures, such as buildings and even abandoned vehicles.

Loss of habitat is a major reason for shrinking Steppe Eagle numbers. Historically, Khrushchev’s 1950’s Virgin Lands Campaign intended to transform the enormous acreage of steppe into arable croplands devastated the Steppe Eagle population. More recently, rising temperatures and aridity have contributed to increasing frequency of steppe fires, affecting nests located directly on the ground and in low bushes. Destruction of nests by humans and grazing cattle also takes its toll. Unchecked human-driven development and habitat destruction have not only damaged breeding habitat, but have also reduced the number of safe migration corridors for Steppe Eagles.

Electrocutions and collisions with power lines kill Steppe Eagles in alarmingly large numbers. Studies in Kazakhstan reveal that the Steppe Eagle is the most frequently electrocuted raptor, accounting for one-third to one-half of all powerline bird fatalities.

Illegal trafficking for the falconry industry, deaths from poisoning by agricultural chemicals and rodent pesticides, and reduced prey base also contribute to the species’ mortality.

Conservationists and scientists aim to understand Steppe Eagle population dynamics, especially the chief drivers behind their declining abundance, to develop and implement appropriate actions. Further work to better understand and document the Steppe Eagle’s high mortality rate, both on breeding grounds and migration routes, is critical to undertake measures to slow the decline.

Creating protected areas is another way to increase the Steppe Eagle’s population and improve its conservation status. Recommended actions include the establishment of a nature reserve in Betpak-Dala and specialized reserves in Western Kazakhstan, where the Steppe Eagle’s population is higher. Another activity to boost Steppe Eagle populations involves encouraging the birds to adjust their nest-building habits in favor of safer, more protected locations, shielding them from fires and human and livestock disturbances.